Veron, Nicholas, (2017), “Europe’s fourfold union: Updating the 2012 vision”, Bruegel, 19 September
In the past half-decade, Europe’s financial union has been significantly strengthened but remains incomplete and is challenged by Brexit. No consensus has been found on fiscal union, and the existing fiscal framework based on administrative control is problematic. Economic union has not made material progress. Political union might have advanced further than many observers realise. This four-part categorisation remains relevant and useful when assessing current and future challenges to European integration.
Relevant Posts
- Bloomberg View, (2017), «Getting Serious About Europe’s Fiscal Future», 31 August
- Merler, Silvia, (2017), «European identity and the economic crisis», Bruegel, 6 March